Professor jim cummins biography of barack obama

James Cummins (July 3, ) is a professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto where he works on language development and literacy development of learners of English as an additional language.

Professor jim cummins biography of barack obama president

In Cummins coined the acronyms BICS and CALP to refer to processes that help a teacher to qualify a student's language ability.

BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills)

Main article: Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills

BICS refers to the basic communicative fluency achieved by all normal native speakers of a language.

It is cognitively undemanding and contextual and is better understood as the language used by students in informal settings, say, on a playground or cafe. Research by Cummins as well as Virginia Collier suggest that it typically takes language learners 1–3 years to develop BICS if they have sufficient exposure to the second language, "with the exception of severely retarded and autistic chi